托福阅读理解真题考前冲刺专项练习7.SoilFertilization
Fertilizerspartiallyrestoreplantnutrientslostbyerosion,cropharvesting,andleaching.[▇A]Farmerscanuseeitherorganicfertilizerfromplantandanimalmaterialsorcommercialinorganicfertilizerproducedfromvariousminerals.[▇B]Threebasictypesoforganicfertilizerareanimalmanure,greenmanure,andcompost.[▇C]Animalmanureincludesthewastematterofcattle,horses,poultry,andotherfarmanimals.[▇D]Itimprovessoilstructure,addsorganicnitrogen,andstimulatesbeneficialsoilbacteriaandfungi.
Despiteitseffectiveness,theuseofanimalmanureintheUnitedStateshasdecreased.Therearethreereasonsforthis:thereplacementofmostmixedanimal-raisingandcrop-farmingoperationswithseparateoperationsforgrowingcropsandraisinganimals,thehighcostsoftransportinganimalmanurefromfeedlotsnearurbanareastodistantruralcrop-growingareas,andthereplacementofhorsesandotherdraftanimalsthataddedmanuretothesoilwithtractorsandothermotorizedfarmmachinery.
Greenmanureisfreshorgrowinggreenvegetationplowedintothesoiltoincreasetheorganicmatterandhumus(degradedorganicmatter)availabletothenextcrop.Compostisasweet-smelling,dark-brown,humuslikematerialthatisrichinorganicmatterandsoilnutrients.Itisproducedwhenmicroorganismsinsoil(mostlyfungiandaerobicbacteria)breakdownorganicmattersuchasleaves,foodwastes,paper,andwoodinthepresenceofoxygen.Compostisarichnaturalfertilizerandsoilconditionerthataeratessoil,improvesitsabilitytoretainwaterandnutrients,helpspreventerosion,andpreventsnutrientsfrombeingwastedbybeingdumpedinlandfills.Compostisproducedbypilingupalternatinglayersofnitrogen-richwastes(suchasgrassclippings,weeds,animalmanure,andvegetablekitchenscraps),carbon-richplantwastes(deadleaves,hay,straw,sawdust),andtopsoil.Compostprovidesahomeformicroorganismsthathelpdecomposeplantandmanurelayersandreducestheamountofplantwastestakentolandfillsandincinerators.
Anotherformoforganicfertilizeristhesporesofmushrooms,puffballs,andtruffles.Rapidlygrowingandspreadingmycorrhizaefungiinthesporesattachtoplantrootsandhelpthemtakeinmoistureandnutrientsfromthesoil.Unliketypicalfertilizersthatmustbeappliedeveryfewweeks,oneapplicationofmushroomfungilastsallyearandcostsjustpenniesperplant.Thefungialsoproduceabiggerrootsystem,whichmakesplantsmorediseaseresistant.
Corn,tobacco,andcottoncandepletethetopsoilofnutrients,especiallynitrogen,ifplantedonthesamelandseveralyearsinarow.Onewaytoreducesuchlossesiscroprotation.Farmersplantareasorstripswithnutrient-depletingcropsoneyear.Inthenextyeartheyplantthesameareaswithlegumes,whoserootnodulesaddnitrogentothesoil.Inadditiontohelpingrestoresoilnutrients,thismethodreduceserosionbykeepingthesoilcoveredwithvegetationandhelpsreducecroplossestoinsectsbypresentingthemwithachangingtarget.
Today,manyfarmersrelyoncommercialinorganicfertilizerscontainingnitrogen(asammoniumions,nitrateions,orurea),phosphorus(asphosphateions),andpotassium(aspotassiumions).Inorganiccommercialfertilizersareeasilytransported,stored,andapplied.Worldwide,theiruseincreasedabouttenfoldbetween1950and1989butdeclinedby12%between1990and1999.Today,theadditionalfoodtheyhelpproducefeedsoneofeverythreepeopleintheworld,withoutthem,worldfoodoutput,woulddropanestimated40%.
Commercialinorganicfertilizershavesomedisadvantages,however.Theseinclude(1)notaddinghumustothesoil,(2)reducingthesoil’scontentoforganicmatterandthusitsabilitytoholdwater(unlessanimalmanureandgreenmanurearealsoaddedtothesoil),(3)loweringtheoxygencontentofsoilandkeepingfertilizerfrombeingtakenupasefficiently,(4)typicallysupplyingonlytwoorthreeofthetwentyorsonutrientsneededbyplants,and(5)releasingnitrousoxide,agreenhousegasthatcanenhanceglobalwarming.Thewidespreaduseofcommercialinorganicfertilizers,especiallyonslopedlandnearstreamsandlakes,alsocauseswaterpollutionasnitrateandphosphatefertilizernutrientsarewashedintonearbybodiesofwater.Theresultingplantnutrientenrichmentcausesalgaebloomsthatuseupoxygendissolvedinthewater,therebykillingfish.
1.Theword“beneficial”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto
A.necessary
B.helpful
C.several
D.hidden
2.Accordingtoparagraph2,allofthefollowingcontributedtothedecreaseintheuseofanimalmanureintheUnitedStatesEXCEPT
A.changesincrop-farmingandanimal-raisingoperations
B.hightransportationcosts
C.themovementorlargenumbersoffeedlotstodistantruralareas
D.theintroductionofmotorizedfarmmachinery
3.Accordingtoparagraph3,whatisoneadvantageofusingcompostinraisingcrops
A.Itmakesthesoileasiertoplowinpreparationforplanting.
B.Thedamagetosoilfrommicroorganismsisreduced.
C.Waterandnutrientsstayinthesoilandenableplantgrowth.
D.Excessoxygenisremovedfromthesoil.
4.Accordingtoparagraph3,oneimportantphysicaleffectofcompostisthatit
A.addsanoxygen-richlayertothelayersrichinnitrogenandcarbon
B.helpskeepthesameamountofmoistureineachlayerofsoil
C.decreasesthequantityofplantmaterialthatneedstobediscarded
D.reducestheamountoffungiandaerobicbacteriainthepile
5.Accordingtoparagraph4,eachofthefollowingisanadvantageofusingmushroomsporesasfertilizerEXCEPT:
A.Thecostofusingmushroomsporesisrelativelylow.
B.Asingleapplicationofmushroomsporesisenoughforawholeyear.
C.Mushroomfungiarenutrientsthatplantscantakeineasily.
D.Mushroomfungihelpprotectplantsfromdisease.
6.Accordingtoparagraph6,whatistrueaboutthequantitiesofcommercialinorganicfertilizersusedglobally
A.Theyarelikelytodropbyabout40%inthenexttenyears.
B.Theyhaveincreasedatasteadyratesince1950.
C.Theyincreasedduringthe1990s,butataslowerratethanovertheprevious40years.
D.Theydroppedduringthe1990safterhavingrisensharplyovertheprevious40years.
7.Howisparagraph7relatedtoparagraph6
A.Paragraph7presentsthedrawbacksofapracticethatparagraph6presentsasanadvantage.
B.Paragraph7arguesthattheviewpointpresentedinparagraph6isbasedonseveralfactualerrors.
C.Paragraph7providessupportingevidenceforsomeoftheclaimsmadeinparagraph6.
D.Paragraph7contrastsrecentlydevelopedpracticeswiththemoretraditional,establishedonesdiscussedinparagraph6.
8.WhichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinthepassageIncorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.
A.Themaincauseofwaterpollutionisthewidespreaduseofcommercialinorganicfertilizersonslopedlandnearstreamsandlakes.
B.Inaddition,thewidespreaduseofcommercialinorganicfertilizerscauseswaterpollutionwhennitratesandphosphatesarewashedintostreamsandlakes.
C.Also,thewidespreadcommercialproductionofinorganicfertilizershascausedwaterpollutioninbodiesofwatersuchasstreamsandlakes.
D.Also,thewidespreadcommercialproductionofinorganicfertilizershascausedwaterpollutioninbodiesofwatersuchasstreamsandlakes.
9.Lookatthefoursquares[▇]thatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbeaddedtothepassage.Wherewouldthesentencebestfit
Thus,theyhelpkeepfarmlandproductiveoverthelongterm.
10.Directions:
Anintroductorysentenceforabriefsummaryofthepassageisprovidedbelow.CompletethesummarybyselectingtheTHREEanswerchoicesthatexpressthemostimportantideasinthepassage.Someanswerchoicesdonotbelonginthesummarybecausetheyexpressideasthatarenotpresentedinthepassageorareminorideasinthepassage.Thisquestionsisworth2points.Bothorganicandinorganicfertilizersareusedtokeepcroplandsproductive.
A.Animalmanuresareeffectiveorganicfertilizers,buttheiruseintheUnitedStateshasdecreasedbecauseofchangesinmodernfarming.
B.Manyeconomicallyimportantcrops,includingcorn,tobacco,andcotton,canonlybegrowninthesamefieldsyearafteryeariflargeamountsofinorganicfertilizersareaddedtothesoil.
C.Since1950,farmersworldwidehavebeguntoreplaceorganicfertilizerswithinorganiccommercialones,becausethelatterhelpssoiltoretainoxygen.
D.Compost,ahumuslikematerialthatisrichinorganicmaterial,isoftenusedtogetherwithgreenmanure,sincethecombinationofthetwohelpstopreventsoilerosion.
E.Greenmanures,compost,mushroomspores,andcroprotation,ifusedcorrectly,allhavepositiveimpactsongrowingconditionsforcropsthatgobeyondsimplyprovidingnutrients.
F.Commercialinorganicfertilizersplayakeyroleinfeedingtheworld’spopulation,buttheycanalsocauseseriousenvironmentaldamage.
词汇题:
beneficial=helpful有利的,有帮助作用的
rely=depend依靠依赖
twentyorso=roughlytwenty二十左右
SoilFertilization土壤施肥
肥料部分恢复了由于侵蚀,农作物收割和浸出而损失的植物养分。农民既可以使用动植物原料中的有机肥料,也可以使用由各种矿物质制成的商品化无机肥料。有机肥料的三种基本类型是动物肥料,绿肥和堆肥。动物粪便包括牛,马,家禽和其他农场动物的废物。它改善了土壤结构,添加了有机氮,并刺激了有益的土壤细菌和真菌。
尽管有效,但在美国使用动物粪便的情况有所减少。造成这种情况的原因有三个:将大多数混合的畜牧业和农牧业经营活动替换为种植农作物和饲养动物的单独行动,将动物粪便从城市附近的饲养场转移到遥远的农村农作物种植区的成本很高,以及用拖拉机和其他机动农业机械代替马粪和其他牲畜来增加土壤肥料。
绿肥是指将新鲜的或正在生长的绿色植被耕种到土壤中,以增加下茬作物可利用的有机质和腐殖质(降解的有机质)的方法。堆肥是一种气味甜,棕褐色,腐殖质的物质,富含有机物和土壤养分。当土壤中的微生物(主要是真菌和需氧细菌)在有氧的情况下分解诸如叶子,食物垃圾,纸张和木材等有机物质时,就会产生这种物质。堆肥是一种丰富的天然肥料和土壤改良剂,可为土壤充气,提高其保留水分和养分的能力,有助于防止侵蚀,并防止养分因倾倒在垃圾填埋场而浪费。堆肥是通过交替堆放富含氮的废物(例如草屑,杂草,动物粪便和蔬菜厨房废料)而产生的,富含碳的植物废料(枯叶,干草,稻草,锯末)和表土。堆肥为微生物提供了一个住所,可帮助分解植物和肥料层并减少带入垃圾填埋场和焚化炉的植物废物量。
有机肥料的另一种形式是蘑菇,马勃菌和松露菌的孢子。在孢子中快速生长和传播的菌根真菌附着在植物的根部,并帮助它们从土壤中吸收水分和养分。与通常每隔几周就要施用的典型肥料不同,蘑菇真菌的一整年都可以持续一年,每株植物只需几美分。真菌还会产生更大的根系,从而使植物更具抗病能力。
如果连续数年在同一土地上种植玉米,烟草和棉花,则会耗尽表层土壤的养分,尤其是氮。减少此类损失的一种方法是轮作。农民用贫瘠的农作物种植地或地带一年。第二年,他们在同一地区种植豆类,豆类的根瘤向土壤中添加了氮。除了帮助恢复土壤养分外,该方法还可以通过使土壤覆盖植被来减少侵蚀,并通过向昆虫提供变化的目标来减少农作物对昆虫的损失。
如今,许多农民依赖于商业化的无机肥料,其中包含氮(如铵离子,硝酸根离子或尿素),磷(如磷酸根离子)和钾(如钾离子)。无机商业肥料易于运输,储存和施用。在全球范围内,它们的使用量在1950年至1989年之间增加了大约十倍,但在1990年至1999年之间却下降了12%。今天,它们帮助生产的额外粮食为世界上每三分之一的人口提供粮食,据估计,如果没有他们,世界粮食产量将下降40%。
然而,商业无机肥料具有一些缺点。其中包括(1)不向土壤中添加腐殖质;(2)减少土壤中有机质的含量,从而降低土壤的持水能力(除非还向土壤中添加动物粪便和绿肥),
(3)降低土壤中的氧气含量,并防止肥料被有效吸收,(4)通常仅提供植物所需的二十种左右养分中的两种或三种,以及(5)释放一氧化二氮(一种温室气体,可以加剧全球变暖。商业化无机肥料的广泛使用,特别是在溪流和湖泊附近的倾斜土地上,由于硝酸盐和磷酸盐肥料的养分被冲入附近的水体,也会造成水污染。所产生的植物营养素富集会导致藻类大量繁殖,从而消耗溶解在水中的氧气,从而杀死鱼类。
刘凯老师解析:
2.答案:C答题解析:选C。thereplacementofmostmixedanimal-raisingandcrop-farmingoperationswithseparateoperationsforgrowingcropsandraisinganimals【用种植作物和饲养动物的单独操作取代大多数混合的动物饲养和种植操作】对应A;thehighcostsoftransportinganimalmanurefromfeedlotsnearurbanareastodistantruralcrop-growingareas【将畜禽粪便从城市附近的饲养场运送到遥远的农村作物种植区的高昂成本】对应B;thataddedmanuretothesoilwithtractorsandothermotorizedfarmmachinery【用拖拉机和其他机动农业机械给土壤施肥】对应D。C选项未提及。
3.答案:C答题解析:选C。由题干中的“compost”定位到对compost的介绍,Compostisasweet-smelling...接着往后读,介绍了compost的特点:Compostisarichnaturalfertilizerandsoilconditionerthataeratessoil,improvesitsabilitytoretainwaterandnutrients,helpspreventerosion,andpreventsnutrientsfrombeingwastedbybeingdumpedinlandfills.【堆肥是一种丰富的天然肥料和土壤调节剂,可使土壤通气,提高其保留水分和养分的能力,有助于防止侵蚀,并防止养分因倾倒在垃圾填埋场而浪费】可以提高土壤保留水分和养分的能力,C选项符合。
4.答案:C答题解析:选C。对应原文Compostprovidesahomeformicroorganismsthathelpdecomposeplantandmanurelayersandreducestheamountofplantwastestakentolandfillsandincinerators.【堆肥为微生物提供了一个家,微生物帮助分解植物和肥料层,减少送往垃圾填埋场和焚化炉的植物废物数量】这里讲了compost减少带入垃圾填埋场和焚化炉的植物废物量。C选项符合。
5.答案:C答题解析:选C。Unliketypicalfertilizersthatmustbeappliedeveryfewweeks,oneapplicationofmushroomfungilastsallyear(对应B)andcostsjustpenniesperplant.(对应A);Thefungialsoproduceabiggerrootsystem,whichmakesplantsmorediseaseresistant.【真菌还产生一个更大的根系,这使植物更有抗病能力】对应D。C选项未提及,不是mushroomspores的优点,故选C。
6.答案:D答题解析:选D。对应原文Worldwide,theiruseincreasedabouttenfoldbetween1950and1989butdeclinedby12%between1990and1999.【在世界范围内,它们的使用在1950年至1989年间增加了大约10倍,但在1990年至1999年间下降了12%】选项D中,droppedduringthe1990s对应原文的declinedby12%between1990and1999;risensharplyovertheprevious40years.对应原文increasedabouttenfoldbetween1950and1989.故选D。
7.答案:A答题解析:选A。第六段讲了commercialinorganicfertilizers的使用使得粮食产量增加了,第七段第一句话however转折,讲了commercialinorganicfertilizers的缺点。选项A符合。
8.答案:B答题解析:选B。Thewidespreaduseofcommercialinorganicfertilizers,especiallyonslopedlandnearstreamsandlakes,alsocauseswaterpollutionasnitrateandphosphatefertilizernutrientsarewashedintonearbybodiesofwater.【商业无机肥料的广泛使用,特别是在河流和湖泊附近的斜坡上,也会造成水污染,因为硝酸盐和磷肥的营养物质被冲进附近的水体】这句话的主干是Thewidespreaduseofcommercialinorganicfertilizersalsocauseswaterpollution.【商业无机肥料的广泛使用也会造成水污染】选项B的句子主干符合。
A选项说commercialinorganicfertilizers在slopedlandnearstreamsandlakes的使用造成水污染,但原句只是说“especiallyonslopedlandnearstreamsandlakes”A将特指的范围偷换成普遍的范围,故不选;
C选项错在suchasstreamsandlakes,并且也没有涵盖原句中asnitrateandphosphatefertilizernutrientsarewashedintonearbybodiesofwater.【由于硝酸盐和磷肥,营养物质被冲进附近的水体】这部分的意思,故不选。
9.答案:A答题解析:选A。由句中thus,此句和前一句构成因果关系;由句中的they,需要找出前一句指代“they”的内容,A位置合适。
10.答案:AEF。答题解析:选AEF。A选项对应第二段主要内容;F选项对应第六、七段主要内容。D选项后半句,原文中根本未提及,故不选D选项;E选项中providingnutrients即指inorganicfertilizers,从最后一段举出的inorganicfertilizers的缺点可以看出,E选项是正确的需要注意的是,E选项中allhavepositiveimpactsongrowingconditionsforcropsthatgobeyondsimplyprovidingnutrients【这些都对农作物的生长条件有积极的影响,而不仅仅是提供营养】,但是原文并未提及“thatgobeyondsimplyprovidingnutrients”故不选E。
刘凯老师介绍
刘凯,男,蒙古族,黑龙江省齐齐哈尔人。本科为哈尔滨师范大学英语系,硕士为北京理工大学。2010年赴美国宾夕法尼亚大学交流学习;2013年美国亚利桑那大学访问学者;2015年澳大利亚新南威尔士大学ESL研修;2018年加州理工学院语言学双学位获得者;2019年赴澳大利亚麦考瑞大学交流习;GRE托福考试全球高分获得者;荣获长江商学院EMBA。
教育部课题研究员,参与国家十二五课题计划,并作出突出贡献,参与初中、高中各年级区级试题的命制,多次承担区级和市级研究课任务。北京市科技英语优秀指导教师,所带学生在各级英语口语、作文竞赛中多次获奖;将扎实的英语基本功和严谨的学术思想作为教学的基础,课堂上善于寓教于乐,信息量大,内容丰富,使学生在和谐的课堂气氛下欣赏英语、享受英语、掌握英语、运用英语。
2009-2012年期间,多次受邀在北京广播电台主持英语高考大纲解析及英语新课程改革节目,学术功底深厚,兼具偶像派与实力派特点,教风亲切洒脱,诙谐幽默,思维开阔,屡有奇思妙想,善于引导学生学以致用,对高考动向把握极其准确,深受学生和家长欢迎。尤其擅长英语语法和单词记忆法。
海外生活学习十年,社科人文类学科偏爱者;10年雅思教龄,知名教师培训师;指导上万考生快速冲刺雅思写作、阅读,平均分数7.5分;独创“段落清空”、极简化“针对检索式”阅读法等众多高效技法;每年雅思考试均在10次以上;均分8+;真题回忆准确度97%以上;贴近西式思路和语言指导学生写作;善于帮助学生突破学术写作思维瓶颈。讲授科目有长难句、翻译、四六级考试、阅读和写作;在2014、2015、2017、2019四年考研中,接受其培训的所有考生中有近万名考生取得高分。带给学生的不只是考分的提高,更多的是对英语领悟和感知的突破。纯正的英音、独到的见解、睿智的思维和轻松幽默的语言,为其赢得了广大学生的认同和喜爱。
资深考研培训讲师;
英语四六级考试天团高级讲师;
雅思阅读、雅思写作培训主讲名师;
六级考试阅卷组成员;
深谙命题规律和解题套路,对英语的学习规律和方法见解独特。
呼吁国人学习英语的态度:
重复是记忆之母。
用听,用看,用心去触摸每个单词,你便会有好的记忆。
中国人要学好英语就要有一点点变态。
上课特点:课堂从不需点名,却无人缺席
教学理念:英语教师很幸运也有责任与学生一同叩响世界之门